美国对中国的援助项目

        目录

　　概述.............................................................1

　　和其他国家援助项目的比较............................2

　　关于对中国援助政策的争论............................3

　　项目的缩减............................................4

　　国会(中国事务执行委员会)的政策建议.....5

　　美国对中国的援助历史...................................5

　　对援助项目的法律限制...................................6

　　项目和基金名称..............................................7

　　民主(DFA)..............................................7

　　西藏(ESFA).............................................8

　　经济发展机会和民营企业竞争力...........8

　　文化保护............................................9

　　环境...................................................9

　　健康(GHPA)............................................9

　　刑法和司法程序.....................................10

　　法治和环境(DAESFA).............................10

　　其它援助项目................................................11

　　ASHA(译者注:我也不知道是什么).............11

　　网络自由................................................12

　　Programs and Funding Accounts (原报告第7页)

　　Democracy Programs (Democracy Fund Account)

　　The Department of State’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) administers

　　programs in China using Democracy Fund (DF) account appropriations. Funding levels have

　　largely been determined by Congress. DRL aims to promote the rule of law, civil society, and

　　citizen input in government decision making in the PRC.

　　DRL directly funds U.S.-based and international nongovernmental organizations and universities.

　　Through the Bureau’s programs, U.S. and international nongovernmental entities engage Chinese

　　NGOs; government-sponsored social organizations and institutions, such as women’s groups and

　　universities; reformist or progressive government bodies; and legal and judicial institutions and

　　individuals. Due to political sensitivities in China, DRL does not openly disclose the names of its

　　grant recipients. Major DRL program areas in China include the following:32

项目和基金名称

一：“民主”类

　　美国国务院“民主人权劳动局(DRL)”通过“民主基金(DF)”的拨款来管理涉及中国的项目。基金规模的大小基本上由国会定的。DRL致力于提高和帮助中华人民共和国的法治水平、民间团体(公民社会)，推动公民参与政府决策等。DRL直接为美国的或国际的非政府组织(NGO)和大学提供资金。美国或国际的NGO通过这些项目来接触中国的NGO，公共组织和机构，例如妇女团体和大学，具有改革和“进步”意识的政府部门，法律机构和一些个人。因为中国的政治敏感性，DRL不公布接受资助的人员名单。DRL在中国的项目主要覆盖如下领域：

　　法治(译者注：rule of law和中国的法治有区别，但只能这样翻)：增强司法机构的独立性;训练司法专业人才;增强公众对司法体系的参与度;推动民法和刑法改革。

　　民间团体：提高非政府组织，基金会和慈善团体在筹资和组织管理上的能力。

　　公民参与：推动公众对政策制定过程的参与。

　　劳工权利：加强劳动方面的立法，保护劳工的权利;发展集体协商机制;保护农民工的权利。

　　政府治理：增强政府的透明度和责任心

　　公民权利：推动“言论自由”、“媒体自由”、“信息自由”和“宗教自由”;促进大众媒体的发展。

　　National Endowment for Democracy

　　Established in 1983, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a private, non-profit foundation “dedicated to the growth and strengthening of democratic institutions around the world.”34 Funded primarily by an annual congressional appropriation, NED has played an active role in promoting democracy and human rights in China since the mid-1980s. A grant-making institution, the Endowment has supported projects carried out by grantees that include its core institutes; 35 Chinese, Tibetan, and Uighur human rights and democracy groups based in the United States and Hong Kong; and a small number of NGOs based in mainland China. NED grants for China programs(including Tibet and Hong Kong) averaged roughly $6.7 million per year between 2007 and 2013 and totaled $7.2million in 2014. This support was provided using NED’s regular Congressional appropriations (approximately $135million in FY2014), apart from some additional Congressionally directed funding.36 Programs areas include civil society, defense of prisoners of conscience, freedom of expression, government transparency, Internet freedom, labor rights, promoting understanding of Tibetan, Uighur and other ethnic concerns in China, public interest law, public policy analysis and debate, religious freedom, and rural land rights.

　　美国民主基金会(NED)简介(原报告第8页)

　　美国民主基金会成立于1983年，是一个私人的，非盈利性的组织，致力于促进全世界范围民主制度的发展。NED主要通过国会拨款运作并且积极参与了上世纪80年代中期中国的民主和人权事业(呵呵，他自己承认了)。作为一个以“资助模式”运作的机构，NED资助了在美国和香港的中国，西藏，维族的“人权和民主”团体，一些中国大陆的NGO以及完成其他核心任务的被资助人。NED对中国(包括西藏和香港)项目的资助在2007到2013年间，平均每年投入670万美元。2014年投入720万美元。这些资助来源于国会定期的拨款(2014年大概有1亿3500万美元)和国会其他的直接拨款。项目领域包括：民间团体，政治犯保护，言论自由，政府透明，网络自由，劳工权利，大众对西藏、维族和其他民族的诉求的了解，公共利益法，国家政策的分析和辩论，宗教自由，农民的土地权利等。

　　Comparisons with Other Foreign Aid Providers (原报告第2页)

　　Based upon data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),

　　multilateral and bilateral official development assistance (ODA) from all donors to China has

　　fallen since 2008. In 2012, the most recent year for which numbers are available, the largest

　　bilateral aid donors to China, ranked by the amount of ODA, were Germany, France, Japan,

　　Austria, and the United States. Three-quarters of ODA from Germany and about one-quarter from

　　France was provided in the form of concessional or low-interest loans. Japan, once a large

　　provider of loan assistance, stopped extending such financing to China in 2008. In terms of ODA

　　grants, in 2012, Germany, France, and Japan provided $275 million, $163 million, and $137

　　million, respectively, for programs in China. Germany and France have supported numerous

　　higher education and technical training programs for Chinese students, including the study of

　　German at Germany’s Goethe Institutes, and environmental projects in China. A relatively large

　　portion of Japan’s ODA to China aims to enhance government services and administration. The

　　United States was the largest provider of support for “NGOs and civil society” programming

　　among major aid donors.

和其他国家援助项目的比较

　　根据经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的数据，给予中国多边或双边的官方发展援助(ODA)从2008年开始减少。在2012年，最近的有数据的年份，双边资助金额从大到小排列的国家是德国，法国，日本，奥地利(可能是澳大利亚)和美国。德国3/4的援助和翻过1/4的援助都是低息贷款。日本，一度是向中国提供最多资助的国家，在2008年停止了资助。2012年，直接资助金额从大到小排列的国家是德国，法国和日本，他们分别提供了2亿7500万美元，1亿6300万美元，和1亿3700万美元。德国和法国支持了很多针对中国学生的高等教育和技能培训项目，包括在歌德学院学习德语，和环境保护项目等。

　　日本的大部分援助是为了提高政府的服务和管理水平。美国是在主要资助国中向“NGO和民间团体”类项目提供最多资助的国家。

　　Internet Freedom (原报告12页)

　　Between 2008 and 2012, Congress appropriated approximately $95 million for State Department龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.com

　　and USAID global Internet freedom efforts. In 2013, the Administration reportedly awarded $25

　　million to groups working to advance Internet freedom in the following areas: counter-censorship

　　and secure communications technology; training in secure online and mobile communications

　　practices; and policy research. The primary target countries for such efforts, particularly　　circumvention and secure communications programs, have been China and Iran.

网络自由

　　在2008年到2012年间，国会给美国国务院部门和美国国际开发总署(USAID)划拨了大约9500万美元推动全球的互联网自由。

　　据报道，2013年奥巴马政府向推动互联网自由的团体奖励了2500万美元，活动领域包括：反审查和安全的通讯技术;训练如何安全地进行网络和移动端通讯以及相关政策的研究。这些项目，尤其是提供翻墙进入特定网站和安全通讯的项目，其主要目标国一直是中国和伊朗。

　　来源：青年力网